Which of the following is NOT a criterion of scientific research?

In scientific research, one key criterion is that the data collection process must be systematic, following established protocols to ensure reliability and validity. This allows researchers to replicate studies and verify results, which is fundamental in the scientific process.

The option regarding data collection being flexible and random does not align with the rigorous structures typically associated with scientific inquiry. While random sampling may be employed to enhance representativeness, the collection process itself is usually designed to be systematic and controlled rather than flexible. This is crucial for minimizing biases and ensuring that the observations are consistent and can be analyzed quantitatively.

The other criteria mentioned—empirical, objective, and systematic—are essential for scientific research. Empirical data is based on observable evidence rather than theory or opinion, objective data collection reduces subjectivity and personal biases, and systematic approaches ensure consistency and scientific rigor throughout the research process. Thus, the correct choice accurately reflects a misunderstanding of the principles underpinning scientific research methodologies.